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Todos los estudios citados en el sitio, página por página. Cada enlace lleva a la ficha de PubMed, al DOI o al informe oficial.

El ayuno

¿Qué hace el páncreas después de una comida o durante un ayuno?

  1. Cahill, « Fuel metabolism in starvation », Annual Review of Nutrition, 2006 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Cheng et al., « Fasting-Mimicking Diet Promotes Ngn3-Driven β-Cell Regeneration to Reverse Diabetes », Cell, 2017 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Federación Internacional de Diabetes, « Guideline for management of postmeal glucose in diabetes », 2011 www.idf.org

¿Qué pasa en el cuerpo durante un ayuno?

  1. Cahill, « Fuel metabolism in starvation », Annual Review of Nutrition, 2006 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Ho et al., « Fasting enhances growth hormone secretion… », J Clin Invest, 1988 www.jci.org
  3. Da Silva Xavier, « The Cells of the Islets of Langerhans », J Clin Med, 2018 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Butler et al., « β-cell deficit… in humans with type 2 diabetes », Diabetes, 2003 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Luiking et al., motilina y vaciado de la vesícula en ayunas, Gut, 1998 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Dawson y Karpen, « Intestinal transport and metabolism of bile acids », J Lipid Res, 2015 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Chevrier et al., pérdida de peso y contaminantes en la sangre, Int J Obes, 2000 doi.org
  8. Mehanna et al., « Refeeding syndrome », BMJ, 2008 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿Qué pasa hora a hora cuando se ayuna?

  1. Cahill, « Fuel metabolism in starvation », Annual Review of Nutrition, 2006 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Ho et al., « Fasting enhances growth hormone secretion and amplifies the complex rhythms of growth hormone secretion in man », Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1988 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Anton et al., « Flipping the metabolic switch: understanding and applying the health benefits of fasting », Obesity, 2018 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. de Cabo y Mattson, « Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease », New England Journal of Medicine, 2019 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Alirezaei et al., « Short-term fasting induces profound neuronal autophagy », Autophagy, 2010 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Un día cualquiera

¿A qué hora fabrica el cuerpo sus hormonas?

  1. Monk, « The post-lunch dip in performance », Clinics in Sports Medicine, 2005 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Scheer, Morris y Shea, « The internal circadian clock increases hunger and appetite in the evening independent of food intake and other behaviors », Obesity, 2013 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Fries, Dettenborn y Kirschbaum, « The cortisol awakening response (CAR): facts and future directions », Int J Psychophysiol, 2009 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Lewy et al., artículo sobre el inicio de la secreción de melatonina por la noche (DLMO), 1999 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Van Cauter et al., « Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men », JAMA, 2000 jamanetwork.com
  6. Burgess et al., « Preliminary evidence that the dim light melatonin onset predicts the timing of sleep », Behav Sleep Med, 2003 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿Qué pasa en el cuerpo durante el sueño?

  1. Patel et al., « Physiology, Sleep Stages », StatPearls, NCBI www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Van Cauter et al., « Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men », JAMA, 2000 jamanetwork.com
  3. Leproult y Van Cauter, « Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men », JAMA, 2011 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿Qué pasa en el cuerpo después de comer?

  1. Federación Internacional de Diabetes, « Guideline for management of postmeal glucose in diabetes », 2011 www.idf.org
  2. Cummings et al., « A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans », Diabetes, 2001 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Holst, « The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1 », Physiol Rev, 2007 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿Cuánto tiempo se queda la cafeína en el cuerpo?

  1. Marcus et al., « Acute Effects of Coffee Consumption on Health among Ambulatory Adults », N Engl J Med 388:1092-1100, 2023 doi.org
  2. Kim et al., « Coffee Consumption and Incident Tachyarrhythmias », JAMA Intern Med 181(9):1185-1193, 2021 doi.org
  3. Fredholm et al., « Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use », Pharmacol Rev 51(1):83-133, 1999 pharmrev.aspetjournals.org
  4. Institute of Medicine, « Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance », capítulo Pharmacology of Caffeine, 2001 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Drake et al., « Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed », J Clin Sleep Med, 2013 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Robertson et al., « Effects of caffeine on plasma renin activity, catecholamines and blood pressure », N Engl J Med, 1978 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Robertson et al., « Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man », J Clin Invest, 1981 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Lovallo et al., « Caffeine stimulation of cortisol secretion across the waking hours in relation to caffeine intake levels », Psychosom Med, 2005 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿Por qué se duerme mal después de beber alcohol?

  1. Jones, « Evidence-based survey of the elimination rates of ethanol from blood with applications in forensic casework », Forensic Sci Int, 2010 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Ebrahim et al., « Alcohol and sleep I: effects on normal sleep », Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2013 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Mitchell, Teigen y Ramchandani, « Absorption and peak blood alcohol concentration after drinking beer, wine, or spirits », Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2014 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿A dónde van las grasas que comemos?

  1. Bach AC, Babayan VK. Medium-chain triglycerides: an update. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;36(5):950-62 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Mu H, Høy CE. The digestion of dietary triacylglycerols. Prog Lipid Res. 2004;43(2):105-33 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Calder PC. Very long-chain n-3 fatty acids and human health: fact, fiction and the future. Proc Nutr Soc. 2018;77(1):52-72 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Mu H, Høy CE. Effects of different medium-chain fatty acids on intestinal absorption of structured triacylglycerols. Lipids. 2000;35(1):83-9 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Mumme K, Stonehouse W. Effects of medium-chain triglycerides on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(2):249-63 doi.org
  6. Mihas C, et al. Diagnostic value of postprandial triglyceride testing in healthy subjects: a meta-analysis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2011;9(3):271-80 doi.org

Esfuerzo y estrés

¿Qué pasa en el cuerpo durante y después del deporte?

  1. Zouhal et al., « Catecholamines and the effects of exercise, training and gender », Sports Med, 2008 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Hill et al., « Exercise and circulating cortisol levels: the intensity threshold effect », J Endocrinol Invest, 2008 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Brooks, « The Science and Translation of Lactate Shuttle Theory », Cell Metabolism, 2018 doi.org
  4. Phillips et al., « Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans », Am J Physiol, 1997 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Burke, van Loon y Hawley, « Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans », J Appl Physiol, 2017 doi.org
  6. Cheung et al., « Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors », Sports Med, 2003 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Menzies et al., « Blood lactate clearance during active recovery after an intense running bout depends on the intensity of the active recovery », J Sports Sci, 2010 doi.org

¿Qué pasa en el cuerpo cuando uno se estresa?

  1. Dickerson y Kemeny, « Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research », Psychol Bull, 2004 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Zaccaro et al., « How Breath-Control Can Change Your Life: A Systematic Review on Psycho-Physiological Correlates of Slow Breathing », Front Hum Neurosci, 2018 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿La gelatina o el colágeno ayudan a reparar los tendones?

  1. Shaw et al., « Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis », Am J Clin Nutr, 2017 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Rio et al., « Isometric exercise induces analgesia and reduces inhibition in patellar tendinopathy », Br J Sports Med, 2015 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Paxton et al., « Optimizing an intermittent stretch paradigm using ERK1/2 phosphorylation results in increased collagen synthesis in engineered ligaments », Tissue Eng Part A, 2012 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Miller et al., « Coordinated collagen and muscle protein synthesis in human patella tendon and quadriceps muscle after exercise », J Physiol, 2005 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Magnusson, Langberg y Kjaer, « The pathogenesis of tendinopathy: balancing the response to loading », Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2010 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Bohm, Mersmann y Arampatzis, « Human tendon adaptation in response to mechanical loading », Sports Med Open, 2015 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Kubo et al., « Effects of isometric training on the elasticity of human tendon structures in vivo », J Appl Physiol 91:26-32, 2001 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Heinemeier et al., « Lack of tissue renewal in human adult Achilles tendon is revealed by nuclear bomb 14C », FASEB J, 2013 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Lis y Baar, « Effects of different vitamin C-enriched collagen derivatives on collagen synthesis », Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2019 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Praet et al., « Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides combined with calf-strengthening exercises enhances function and reduces pain in Achilles tendinopathy patients », Nutrients, 2019 doi.org
  11. Sharma y Maffulli, « Tendon injury and tendinopathy: healing and repair », J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2005 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿Cuántas repeticiones hacer en musculación?

  1. Nuzzo et al., « Maximal Number of Repetitions at Percentages of the One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression and Moderator Analysis of Sex, Age, Training Status, and Exercise », Sports Med 54:303-321, 2024 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Schoenfeld et al., « Loading Recommendations for Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy, and Local Endurance: A Re-Examination of the Repetition Continuum », Sports 9(2):32, 2021 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Morton et al., « Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men », J Appl Physiol 121:129-138, 2016 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Schoenfeld et al., « Strength and Hypertrophy Adaptations Between Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis », J Strength Cond Res 31(12):3508-3523, 2017 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Campos et al., « Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones », Eur J Appl Physiol 88:50-60, 2002 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Refalo et al., « Influence of Resistance Training Proximity-to-Failure on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis », Sports Med 53:649-665, 2023 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Robinson et al., « Exploring the Dose-Response Relationship Between Estimated Resistance Training Proximity to Failure, Strength Gain, and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Series of Meta-Regressions », Sports Med 54(9):2209-2231, 2024 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Burd et al., « Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men », PLoS One 5(8):e12033, 2010 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Damas et al., « Resistance training-induced changes in integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis are related to hypertrophy only after attenuation of muscle damage », J Physiol 594(18):5209-5222, 2016 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Schoenfeld, Ogborn y Krieger, « Dose-response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass », J Sports Sci 35(11):1073-1082, 2017 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Morán-Navarro et al., « Time course of recovery following resistance training leading or not to failure », Eur J Appl Physiol, 2017 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿Para qué sirven las glándulas suprarrenales?

  1. Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol Bull. 2004;130(3):355-91 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Fries E, Dettenborn L, Kirschbaum C. The cortisol awakening response (CAR): facts and future directions. Int J Psychophysiol. 2009;72(1):67-73 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Dutt M, Wehrle CJ, Jialal I. Physiology, Adrenal Gland. StatPearls. 2023 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Lam J, et al. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis: Adrenal Glands. StatPearls. 2022 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Cadegiani FA, Kater CE. Adrenal fatigue does not exist: a systematic review. BMC Endocr Disord. 2016;16(1):48 doi.org
  6. Adam EK, et al. Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;83:25-41 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿Cómo estimular el nervio vago?

  1. Laborde S et al. Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;138:104711 doi.org
  2. Jose AD, Taylor RR. Autonomic blockade by propranolol and atropine to study intrinsic myocardial function in man. J Clin Invest. 1969;48(11):2019-31 doi.org
  3. Wolf V et al. Does transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation affect vagally mediated heart rate variability? A living and interactive Bayesian meta-analysis. Psychophysiology. 2021;58(11):e13933 doi.org
  4. Koopman FA et al. Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(29):8284-9 doi.org
  5. Taylor IL, Feldman M. Effect of cephalic-vagal stimulation on insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and pancreatic polypeptide release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982;55(6):1114-7 doi.org
  6. Garg P et al. Effect of breathing exercises on blood pressure and heart rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol Cardiovasc Risk Prev. 2024;20:200232 doi.org
  7. Meehan ZM, Shaffer F. Do longer exhalations increase HRV during slow-paced breathing?. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2024;49(3):407-417 doi.org
  8. Ma X et al. The effect of diaphragmatic breathing on attention, negative affect and stress in healthy adults. Front Psychol. 2017;8:874 doi.org
  9. Caspers C et al. Diving reflex: can the time course of heart rate reduction be quantified?. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21(1):18-31 doi.org
  10. Foley JO, DuBois FS. Quantitative studies of the vagus nerve in the cat. I. The ratio of sensory to motor fibers. J Comp Neurol. 1937;67(1):49-67 doi.org

¿Qué pasa en el cuerpo durante una apnea?

  1. Lindholm P, Lundgren CE. Alveolar gas composition before and after maximal breath-holds in competitive divers. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2006;33(6):463-7 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Lindholm P. Loss of motor control and/or loss of consciousness during breath-hold competitions. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(4):295-9 doi.org
  3. Baković D et al. Spleen volume and blood flow response to repeated breath-hold apneas. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(4):1460-6 doi.org
  4. Dujic Z et al. Involuntary breathing movements improve cerebral oxygenation during apnea struggle phase in elite divers. J Appl Physiol. 2009;107(6):1840-6 doi.org
  5. Mulder E et al. Unlocking the depths: multiple factors contribute to risk for hypoxic blackout during deep freediving. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2023;123(11):2483-93 doi.org
  6. Bosco G et al. Arterial blood gas analysis in breath-hold divers at depth. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1558 doi.org

¿Cómo circula la linfa sin un corazón que la impulse?

  1. Moore JE Jr, Bertram CD. Lymphatic system flows. Annu Rev Fluid Mech. 2018;50:459-82 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Olszewski WL, Engeset A. Intrinsic contractility of prenodal lymph vessels and lymph flow in human leg. Am J Physiol. 1980;239(6):H775-83 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Swartz MA. The physiology of the lymphatic system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001;50(1-2):3-20 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Havas E et al. Lymph flow dynamics in exercising human skeletal muscle as detected by scintography. J Physiol. 1997;504(Pt 1):233-9 doi.org
  5. Schmitz KH et al. Weight lifting in women with breast-cancer-related lymphedema. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(7):664-73 doi.org
  6. Lattuada M et al. Abdominal lymph flow in an endotoxin sepsis model: influence of spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(11):2792-8 doi.org
  7. Tan IC et al. Assessment of lymphatic contractile function after manual lymphatic drainage using near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(5):756-764.e1 doi.org
  8. Hinton LR et al. The effect of respiration and body position on terminal thoracic duct diameter and the lymphovenous junction: an exploratory ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2022;35(4):447-453 doi.org
  9. Moazzam S et al. The physiology of thoracic duct pressure and flow: a review of the literature. Physiol Rep. 2026;14(2):e70742 doi.org

Las hormonas sexuales

¿Cómo cambian las hormonas durante el ciclo menstrual?

  1. StatPearls, « Physiology, Ovulation And Basal Body Temperature », NCBI www.statpearls.com
  2. Tucker et al., « The Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Energy Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis », Nutrition Reviews, 2025 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Reed y Carr, « The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation », Endotext, NCBI www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Bull et al., « Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles », npj Digital Medicine, 2019 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Wilcox et al., « Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation », N Engl J Med, 1995 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿Cómo cambian las hormonas durante el embarazo?

  1. Wilcox, Baird y Weinberg, « Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy », New England Journal of Medicine, 1999 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Cole, « Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules », Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 2010 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Csapo et al., « The significance of the human corpus luteum in pregnancy maintenance », Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1972 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Nana y Williamson, « Pituitary and Adrenal Disorders of Pregnancy », Endotext, NCBI www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Barnhart et al., « Symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy: hCG curves redefined », Obstet Gynecol, 2004 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Lee y Saha, « Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy », Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 2011 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. de Haas et al., « Physiological adaptation of maternal plasma volume during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis », Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2017 doi.org

¿Qué hormonas cambian en la menopausia?

  1. McKinlay, Brambilla y Posner, « The normal menopause transition », Maturitas, 1992 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. NICE, « Menopause: identification and management » (NG23), 2015 www.nice.org.uk
  3. Randolph et al., « Change in follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol across the menopausal transition », JCEM, 2011 (estudio SWAN) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Avis et al., « Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition », JAMA Intern Med, 2015 (estudio SWAN) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Do et al., « Predictors of age at natural menopause », Ann Hum Biol, 1998 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿Qué hormonas se liberan después de la eyaculación?

  1. Bohlen et al., « Heart rate, rate-pressure product, and oxygen uptake during four sexual activities », Archives of Internal Medicine, 1984 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Krüger et al., « Specificity of the neuroendocrine response to orgasm during sexual arousal in men », J Endocrinol, 2003 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Krüger et al., « Orgasm-induced prolactin secretion: feedback control of sexual drive? », Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2002 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Krüger et al., « Neuroendocrine and cardiovascular response to sexual arousal and orgasm in men », Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1998 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

¿En qué momento está más alta la testosterona?

  1. Bhasin et al., « Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2018 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Brambilla et al., « The effect of diurnal variation on clinical measurement of serum testosterone and other sex hormone levels in men », JCEM, 2009 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Leproult y Van Cauter, « Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men », JAMA, 2011 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Harman et al., « Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men », JCEM, 2001 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Kuiri-Hänninen, Sankilampi y Dunkel, « Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in infancy: minipuberty », Horm Res Paediatr, 2014 doi.org
  6. Handelsman, Hirschberg y Bermon, « Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance », Endocr Rev, 2018 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

El cerebro

¿Cómo se comunican las neuronas entre sí?

  1. PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Huesos, riñones y sol

¿Cuánto tiempo al sol para fabricar vitamina D?

  1. Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67(2):373-8 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-81 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Madronich S. Analytic formula for the clear-sky UV index. Photochem Photobiol. 2007;83(6):1537-8 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. EFSA NDA Panel. Dietary reference values for vitamin D. EFSA Journal. 2016;14(10):4547 doi.org
  5. Neale RE, et al. The effect of sunscreen on vitamin D: a review. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181(5):907-15 doi.org

¿Por qué los huesos se vuelven frágiles con la edad?

  1. Compston JE, McClung MR, Leslie WD. Osteoporosis. Lancet. 2019;393(10169):364-76 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Weaver CM, et al. The National Osteoporosis Foundation's position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(4):1281-386 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Greendale GA, et al. Bone mineral density loss in relation to the final menstrual period in a multiethnic cohort (SWAN). J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(1):111-8 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Charles JF, Aliprantis AO. Osteoclasts: more than 'bone eaters'. Trends Mol Med. 2014;20(8):449-59 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Daponte V, et al. Current perspectives on the multiple roles of osteoclasts: mechanisms of osteoclast-osteoblast communication and potential clinical implications. eLife. 2024;13:RP95083 doi.org

¿Cómo se forma un cálculo renal, y se expulsa solo?

  1. Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012;62(1):160-5 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Coll DM, Varanelli MJ, Smith RC. Relationship of spontaneous passage of ureteral calculi to stone size and location as revealed by unenhanced helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178(1):101-3 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Borghi L, et al. Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study. J Urol. 1996;155(3):839-43 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Tasian GE, et al. Daily mean temperature and clinical kidney stone presentation in five U.S. metropolitan areas: a time-series analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122(10):1081-7 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Borghi L, et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(2):77-84 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov